By 2012, human capital s contribution to China s GDP growth fell almost to zero, with fixed capital accumulation accounting for roughly 60 of total growth.

Now, with so much fixed capital and infrastructure destroyed by the earthquake and tsunami, the economy s productive capacity has fallen by an estimated 2 of GDP.

The annual general industrial statistics cover the following data items number of establishments enterprises number of persons engaged number of employees by gender wages and salaries paid to employees output value added and gross fixed capital formation.

Spanish banks have 7 equity capital on average on their balance sheets.

Table 2. FDI outflows as a percentage of gross fixed capital formation in selected economies, 2001 2003a

Pick any indicator trade relative to global GDP, capital flows relative to the global capital stock, and so forth all are rising.

OFDI flows as a percentage of gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) are considerably higher than the world average for such economies as Hong Kong (China), Taiwan Province of China, the Russian Federation and Singapore.

The Hanshin earthquake in 1995 destroyed capital stock worth 2 of GDP.

In China, Brazil, Malaysia, and Mexico, foreign direct investment (FDI) accounts for 8 to 12 of gross fixed capital formation without generating debt.

Initial capital

As above, firm value is enhanced when, and if, the return on capital exceeds the cost of capital.

Because investment is so low, net capital exports from Germany are nearly 4 of GDP.

A true loss would be inflicted on a bank s creditors only if the write off losses on toxic mortgage loans exceeded the bank s equity.

The Art of Capital Flight

Damming Capital

The Capital Flow Conundrum

Capital flows and remittances

E. Financial capital and resilience

The portion of capital inflows that is not re exported represents net capital inflows.

The Siren Song of Capital Controls

Investment and private flows

(o) Working Capital Fund

Brazil has been aggressive in terms of capital restrictions, twice increasing its tax on financial inflows.

Second, in 2001, weak capital spending in the corporate sector (accounting for 10 of GDP) underpinned the contraction.

व श व क प ज क र ख फ र ट यर क ओर

Jacqueline Novogratz on patient capitalism

The reason lies in capital movements.

Finally, there is the path of public capital.

Surviving the Great Capital Flood

Raising capital is expensive.

The Temptation of China s Capital Account

List of tables

Before World War II, venture capital investments (originally known as development capital ) were primarily the domain of wealthy individuals and families.

This is why equity capital held by financial institutions typically is more than twice as expensive as debt capital and why these institutions try to minimize its use.

This is reflected in the current investment ratio for real capital assets of 43 of GDP, compared to 4.3 investment in human capital in the form of education.

But competitive pressures and the long gestation period of fixed capital outlays multiply optimism, leading to more investment being undertaken than is actually profitable.

Moreover, Li has called upon the banking sector to reinvigorate idle capital and allocate incremental capital more effectively.

So China is stuck in a currency creating cycle GDP growth encourages investment, which boosts demand for capital.

Europe s Chimerical Capital Markets Union

Bank Regulation s Capital Mistake

Overexpenditure of small capitalization fees

Encouraging private capital flows and remittances

Advances from the Working Capital Fund

Political capital means the capital that will improve or enhance the NGOs status, possession or access in the existing political system.

The outcome of these discussions will shape policies and investment aimed at spurring GDP growth, strengthening human capital, and promoting more inclusive prosperity.