Such lakes turned into ice bodies of the aufeis type.

During this period, there were several changes between glacier advance and retreat.

On the west side is a plateau, while the north and south coasts feature ice shelves.

In Greenland two huge chunks of ice broke off in July and August.

Since 2002 the society has sponsored an annual seasonal ice base in the Arctic, Camp Barneo.

BEIJING In the last 100,000 years or so, our planet has endured an Ice Age and a few mini ice ages.

Traces of former small slope and cirque glaciers in the form of buried ground ice deposits are preserved on Zhokhov Island.

In the northern areas of the country heavy snowfalls led to avalanches that left several mountain villages and a total of 140,000 persons isolated.

Finally, morning of day 11, we got the all clear, loaded up the helicopters two helicopters flying in tandem dropped me off at the edge of the pack ice.

We hit the last glacial maximum around 16,000 years ago, but basically, from 70,000 years on, things were getting really tough, getting very cold. The Northern Hemisphere had massive growing ice sheets.

So, I created this compilation of the two I took my skis and I took a board and I put a mast foot in there, and some foot straps, and some metal fins, and here I was, going really fast on frozen lakes.

This ice can be stored and used as an ice battery for cooling when the sun is not shining, as it was in the 1995 Hotel New Otani Tokyo in Japan.

This wall of undisturbed snow, back lit by sunlight, shows the striations of winter and summer snow, layer upon layer.

On the other hand, the high density of , 2.6 3.3 g cm3, suggests a very high non ice content (compare with Pluto's density 2.0 g cm3).

Now, Africa is the most tropical continent on the planet about 85 percent of it lies between Cancer and Capricorn and there aren't a lot of glaciers here, except on the high mountains here in East Africa.

Antarctica, though a huge continental archipelago, measuring 24 million square kilometers, and covered in ice that is 4 5 kilometers thick, is far from any inhabited continent.

In these images we see ice from enormous glaciers, ice sheets that are hundreds of thousands of years old breaking up into chunks, and chunk by chunk by chunk, iceberg by iceberg, turning into global sea level rise.

But one area which is particularly intriguing for us is the northern region, you know, of Mars, close to the North Pole, because we see ice caps, and we see the ice caps shrinking and expanding, so it's very much like you have in northern Canada.

The few expeditions to penetrate much beyond the Arctic Circle in this era added only small islands, such as Novaya Zemlya (11th century) and Spitsbergen (1596), though since these were often surrounded by pack ice, their northern limits were not so clear.

At TEDxNASA, planetary scientist Joel Levine shows some intriguing and puzzling new discoveries about Mars craters full of ice, traces of ancient oceans, and compelling hints at the presence, sometime in the past, of life. He makes the case for going back to Mars to find out more.

These curves for global temperature, atmospheric CO2 and sea level were derived from ocean cores and Antarctic ice cores, from ocean sediments and snowflakes that piled up year after year over 800,000 years forming a two mile thick ice sheet.