A month later, the successful foragers continued in their role while the others had moved to specialise in brood care.

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Each female thus produces many thousands of triungulin larvae that emerge from the brood opening on the head, which protrudes outside the host body.

Larvae and pupae need to be kept at fairly constant temperatures to ensure proper development, and so often, are moved around among the various brood chambers within the colony.

They usually lay 2 to 5 eggs that hatch in 12 or 13 days, which is also the length of time the chicks stay in the nest.

In the Stylopidia, the female's anterior region protrudes out of the host body and the male mates by rupturing the female's brood canal opening, which lies between the head andprothorax.